when did the assyrian empire reign

Sargon II was followed by his son Sennacherib (705-681 BCE) who campaigned widely and ruthlessly, conquering Israel, Judah, and the Greek provinces in Anatolia. The province itself was managed by the provincial governor, who also had militaristic duties like gathering and reporting military intelligence, or leading Assyrian armies in battle. Since He was everywhere, people came to understand that, in some sense, local divinities were just different manifestations of the same Ashur. However, after his death, the Old Assyrian Empire was made subservient to the Babylonian Empire under Hammurabi (famous for his law code). His successor, Sargon II (722-705 BCE), was a brilliant military leader and administrator who expanded the empire further than any king before him. The Assyrians of the Bible were part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Prior to the 19th century CE, the Sumerians were unknown, as were many of the myths, legends, and historical events which are recognized today as so important. Chronology - Chronology - Babylonian chronology before 747 bc: In the long interval between the fall of the last Sumerian dynasty c. 2000 bc and 747 bc there are two substantial gaps in chronology, each about two centuries long. [50] It is not known if Ashur-uballit II was killed at Harran or if he survived; anyway, he subsequently disappeared from the pages of history. He was an great administrator and is regularly regarded as one of the greatest military leaders in history. Adah have suggested that increased population coupled with severe drought contributed to significant To secure the peace, Esarhaddon entered into vassal treaties with the Persians and the Medes, requiring them to submit in advance to his successor, by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin (CC BY-NC-SA), by Jan van der Crabben (Photographer) (Copyright). ", "Unfolding the Drama of the Assyrian Empire", "East of Assyria? Kriwaczek writes: Which other imperialist would, like Ashurbanipal, have commissioned a sculpture for his palace with decoration showing him and his wife banqueting in their garden, with the struck-off head and severed hand of the King of Elam dangling from trees on either side, like ghastly Christmas baubles or strange fruit? Nature came to be desacralized, deconsecrated. Then they besieged Jerusalem. As earlier in history with Tukulti-Ninurta I (1244-1208 BCE), the looting and destruction of the temples of Babylon was seen as the height of sacrilege by the people of the region and also by Sennacherib's sons who assassinated him in his palace at Nineveh in order to placate the wrath of the gods. The Assyrians first captured forty-six of Judah’s fortified cities (Isaiah 36:1). [27] Rulers, royalty and elites were all trained to speak both Aramaic and Akkadian until, by the 7th century BC, the ruling class was fully bilingual. They developed a great variety of methods for breaching enemy walls: sappers were employed to undermine walls or to light fires underneath wooden gates, and ramps were thrown up to allow men to go over the ramparts or to attempt a breach on the upper section of wall where it was the least thick. "Brief History of Assyrians", Assyrian International News Agency, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region, Population distribution and settlement in Turkey, Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neo-Assyrian_Empire&oldid=1007138720, 10th-century BC disestablishments in Assyria, 10th-century BC establishments in Assyria, 7th-century BC disestablishments in Assyria, States and territories disestablished in the 10th century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 7th century BC, States and territories established in the 10th century BC, States and territories established in the 2nd millennium BC, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2020, Articles containing Akkadian-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 16 February 2021, at 17:21. As the Assyrian empire expanded its borders, Ashur was encountered in even the most distant places. As we have just read, historians argue that . [27] The spreading of Aramaic is known as the Aramaization period and soon the new language would become the common language as well as the imperial language. These were multistoried wooden towers with four wheels and a turret on top and one, or at times two, battering rams at the base. Nabopolassar tried to capture Nippur, the main Assyrian center of power in Babylonia, but was defeated by Sinsharishkun. This was the result not only of renewed military expansion but also of new administrative structures that ensured much tighter political and fiscal control” (127). [63] Mesopotamia was the site of some of the earliest recorded battles in history.[64][65]. https://www.historyonthenet.com/assyrian-empire-the-old-kingdom The only woman ever to have ruled the mighty Assyrian Empire, Semiramis titillated writers and painters from the … Regarding this, Kriwaczek writes: Belief in the transcendence rather than immanence of the divine had important consequences. At the same time the regions north and east of the Assyrian heartland had broken free form Assyrian control. He mounted several successful military campaigns against the Babylonians, Syrians, and many others. The regent Shammuramat (also famously known as Semiramis who became the mythical goddess-queen of the Assyrians in later tradition) held the throne for her young son Adad Nirari III from c. 811-806 BCE and, in that time, secured the borders of the empire and organized successful campaigns to put down the Medes and other troublesome populaces in the north. The kings of the empire, such as Tiglath Pileser III, Shalmaneser V, Sargon II, Sennacherib, and Esarhaddon, are mentioned a number of times throughout the Bible as the enemies of the Israelites, although the inscriptions of the Assyrians and the books of the Bible differ, sometimes dramatically, on how events unfolded between the two nations. [27] Through the generations of cultural and linguistic exchange there came to be a homogenous Assyrian identity. During the reign of Ashur-dan III (772–755 BC), the Assyrians suffered an overwhelming defeat at the hands of the people of Urartu (from the region of Ararat) and the rest of his reign was shadowed by rebellions and by epidemics of plague. [52][53] Conquered peoples were often deported great distances and resettled in Assyrian provinces to minimize the possibility of revolts. 4. Initially, during the early Neo-Assyrian period (from the 10th to the 8th century), Akkadian language continued to be the main and dominant language of the Empire. Schools were established throughout the empire but were only for the sons of the wealthy and nobility. He moved the capital from Sargon's city of Dur-Sharrukin to Nineveh and built what was known as “the Palace without a Rival”. Anglim writes: While historians tend to shy away from analogies, it is tempting to see the Assyrian Empire, which dominated the Middle East from 900-612 BC, as a historical forebear of Nazi Germany: an aggressive, murderously vindictive regime supported by a magnificent and successful war machine. Sennacherib's son Esarhaddon (681-669 BCE) took the throne, defeated his brother's factions in a six-week civil war, and then executed his brother's families, associates, and anyone who had joined against him. Under Tiglath Pileser III's reign, the Assyrian army became the most effective military force in history up until that time and would provide a model for future armies in organization, tactics, training, and efficiency. Relief of a Neo-Assyrian soldier, 900-600 BCE, Neo-Assyrian Iron Helmet, Nimrud, 800-700 BC. Dolph Lundgren recalls putting Stallone in the hospital. World History Encyclopedia. 1115 BCE — 1076 BCE Reign of Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria who conquers Phoenicia and revitalizes the empire. Isaiah 36:2 - And the king of Assyria sent Rabshakeh from Lachish to Jerusalem unto king Hezekiah with a great army.And he stood by the conduit of the upper pool in the highway of the fuller's field. east and north of the Tigris River all the way to central Egypt. During his reign, the Assyrian Empire expanded and populations were forcibly re-located to keep communities strong discourage revolt. Zhou Dynasty. Hasanlu and the Problem of Assyrianization", "The Assyrian-Aramaean interaction in the upper Khabur: The archaeological evidence from Tell Barri Iron Age layers", "Assyrian Traditions during Achaemenid Times", "Ethnicity in the Assyrian Empire: A View from the Nisbe (III): Arameans and Related Tribalists", "The Political History and Historical Geography of the Aramean, Chaldean, and Arab Tribes in Babylonia in the Neo-Assyrian Period", "The Neo-Assyrian Empire and its Western Periphery: The Levant, with a Focus on Philistine Ekron", "The Middle Euphrates, Iraq: Assyrian-Babylonian interactions in an Aramaean territory in the early 1st millennium BC", "Royal Roads and other Questions of the Neo-Assyrian Communication System", "The Fall of Assyria in Comparative Ancient Perspective", "Aspects of the Historical Geography of Northeastern Syria from Middle Assyrian to Neo-Assyrian Times", "Aramaeans and Assyrians in North-Western Syria: Material Evidence from Tell Afis", "Propaganda, Literature, Historiography: Cracking the Code of the Assyrian Royal Inscriptions", Women and their Agency in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, "Tiglath-Pileser I and the Initial Conflicts of the Assyrians with the Arameans", Chart of World Kingdoms, Nations and Empires – All Empires, Lanfranchi, Giovanni B., "The Expansion of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and itsperipheries: Military, Political and Ideological Resistance", BetBasoo, Peter. His account is contested, however, by the version of events described in the biblical book of II Kings, chapters 18-19, II Chronicles 32:21, and Isaiah 37, where it is claimed that Jerusalem was saved by divine intervention and Sennacherib's army was driven from the field. It had become too large, taxes were too high and entire regions rebelled. By the 7th century BC, the royal entourage included scholars, craftsmen and singers from Babylonia, Anatolia, Egypt, and Iran. Military expansion under Tiglath. (209). The Assyrians of the Bible were part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Tukulti Ninurta II (891-884 BCE) expanded the empire to the north and gained further territory toward the south in Anatolia, while Ashurnasirpal II (884-859 BCE) consolidated rule in the Levant and extended Assyrian rule through Canaan. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Last modified June 30, 2014. As with the German army of World War II, the Assyrian army was the most technologically and doctrinally advanced of its day and was a model for others for generations afterwards. Its gardens, too, were exceptional. The Assyrian army's hierarchy was typical of the Mesopotamian armies at the time. How did The Assyrian Empire rise and fell. Ashur-Dan I (1179–1133 BC) stabilised the internal unrest in Assyria during his unusually long reign, quelling instability. During the reign of Judah’s King Hezekiah, the Assyrian king Sennacherib attacked. [27] The rest of the empire was divided into two sects: those who spoke Aramaic and those who spoke Akkadian. Ashurbanipal was the most literate of the Assyrian rulers and is probably best known in the modern day for the vast library he collected at his palace at Nineveh. The Assyrian law code was compiled during this period. The cruelty of the Assyrian soldiers caused rebellion throughout the empire spreading the army thin. What followed was a long war fought in the Babylonian heartland. Babylonian kings depend on Assyrian military support. Because of the very limited range of available Assyrian sources for Shalmaneser's reign, the reconstruction of the events depends largely on Biblical evidence and details are unclear and debated. He also defeated the Armenian kingdom of Urartu, at least temporarily, which had long proved a significant nuisance to the Assyrians. After conquering a land, its people would be resettled to other areas within the empire, with land and state assistance. The empire flourished under his reign. The Babylonian (Neo-Babylonian) empire, in 612 B.C., was the power that conquered the mighty Assyrians. This unity of vision of a supreme deity helped to further unify the regions of the empire. Sargon II (reign ca. Sinsharishkun then lost more ground, before he succeeded in recapturing Uruk in about 624 BC, only to quickly lose it again. The official chronology of the Assyrians dates the termination of the reign of Shalmaneser IV in 870, the period of his death. All free male citizens were obliged to serve in the army for a time, a system which was called the ilku-service. "[67] As governors of their own lands, they had the right to declare war on other governances and collect any tribute that may have resulted from the battles.[67]. As the people settled in the new land, they became exposed to Assyrian cultural ideas such as "royal ideologies, religious ideas and mythologies..." and it "was incessantly propagated to all segments of the population through imperial art, emperor cult, religious festivals, and the cults of Aššur, Ištar, Nabû, Sîn and other Assyrian gods. These stories are available to modern-day readers because of the preservation of the books. Despite the visible weakness of the empire, as compared to its previous strength, the Assyrian Empire was still an empire with a stable monarchy, a powerful army, and secured borders. MrTaylorCaseHS. Tiglath Pileser III was followed by Shalmaneser V (727-722 BCE) who continued the king's policies but was not as effective in military campaigns. Unlike the Nazis, the Assyrians treated the conquered people they relocated well and considered them Assyrians once they had submitted to central authority. Web. When her son came of age, she was able to hand him a stable and sizeable empire which Adad Nirari III then expanded further. Sennacherib had chosen his youngest son, Esarhaddon, to succeed him in 683 BCE and this did not sit well with his older brothers. Sennacherib reigned when the Assyrian empire was at its peak and could field armies of 100,000 or more. The scholar Paul Kriwaczek writes: Assyria must surely have among the worst press notices of any state in history. He beautified and improved upon the city's original structure, planting orchards and gardens. Babylon continued its reign until 536 BC. marks the end of the Neo-Assyrian empire, although a last Assyrian king, Ashur-uballit II, attempted to rescue the rest of the Assyrian state, by then only a small territory around Harran. There was no concept of a 'master race' in Assyrian policies; everyone was considered an asset to the empire whether they were born Assyrian or were assimilated into the culture. During his reign, incursions by the Cimmerians and Scythians posed serious threats to Assyrian possessions in Anatolia and Media (northwest Iran), the latter of which was a major source of horses for the Assyrian army. founded a new city called Khorsabad, making it his capital, while Sennacherib (reign 704–681 B.C.) These massive armies still lay in the future, however, when the first king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire came to power. Although he campaigned for 31 years of his 35-year reign, he failed to achieve or equal the conquests of his predecessor, and his death led to another period of weakness in Assyrian rule. invaded Harran in 610 B.C. Kriwaczek writes: One might pray to Ashur not only in his own temple in his own city, but anywhere. The different gods of the conquered peoples, and their various religious practices, became absorbed into the worship of Ashur; he was recognized as the one true god who had been called different names by different people in the past but who now was clearly known and could be properly worshipped as the universal deity. (229-230). Not only did Assyria pose a major threat to Israel, ... the southern kingdom of Judah was also threatened by Assyria. 721-705 B.C.) Hand in hand with their desire for conquest and war, the Assyrians were also a nation of culture and learning. Assyrians after Assyria. (186). Most of these offices had names that were titular, but holders of these offices may have enacted their namesakes in ceremonial manners. In order to secure the peace, Esarhaddon entered into vassal treaties with the Persians and the Medes, requiring them to submit in advance to his successor. Aramaic was easier to write than Akkadian, so older documents were translated from Akkadian to Aramaic and newer ones ignored the Akkadian and was solely written in Aramaic. Kriwaczek writes, “Thus did Assyria's enemies ultimately fail to achieve their aim when they razed Ashur and Nineveh in 612 BCE, only fifteen years after Ashurbanipal's death: the wiping out of Assyria's place in history” (255). brutal military campaigns and the lion hunt. What did Assyria glorify? [56] Christianity took hold between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, and Parthian and Sassanid Assyria (Asuristan) became the center of the Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Christianity and Syriac literature (the term "Syria" being an Indo-European (Luwian) corruption of "Assyria" adopted by the Greeks),[57] where it still survives. His siege of Jerusalem is detailed on the 'Taylor Prism', a cuneiform block describing Sennacherib's military exploits, discovered in 1830 CE by Britain's Colonel Taylor, in which he claims to have captured 46 cities and trapped the people of Jerusalem inside the city until he overwhelmed them. But during the last two years his power was entirely lost, and he was reduced to the possession of two cities, Nineveh and Calah. Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the, Adad-nirari II and Ashurnasirpal II (911–859 BC), Shalmaneser III to Adad-nirari III (859–783 BC), Name used in Neo-Babylonian inscriptions, such as the, "The country of Assyria, which in the Assyro-Babylonian literature is known as mat Aššur (ki), “land of Assur,” took its name from the ancient city of Aššur" in, "The name Anshar, softened into Aushar, and subsequently into Ashshur, was first applied to the town and then to the whole country" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFRoux,_pp.282–283 (, According to 2 Kings 19:37, while praying to the god, Adam Hart-Davis, History: the Definitive Visual Guide: from the Dawn of Civilization to the Present Day (New York: DK Pub., 2012), p.80), Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire, deported great distances and resettled in Assyrian provinces, State communications in the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, "Sumerian dictionary entry: Aššur [ASSYRIA] (GN)", "10 FACTS ON THE ANCIENT ASSYRIAN EMPIRE OF MESOPOTAMIA", "Assyria, 1365–609 B.C." 1250 BCE Shalmaneser I of Assyria conquers the Kingdom of Mitanni and defeats its allies. "[27] The process of Assyrianization was a gradual process that occurred through generations of intermarriages, military participation, and daily interaction with Assyrian people (those who were not descended from the deportees generations earlier). He also defeated the kingdom of Urartu, which had again risen to trouble Assyrian rulers, and subjugated the region of Syria. SHHHHH!!! [62], The Assyrian empire has been described as the "first military power in history". Detailed inscriptions and imposing reliefs attest to the strength of their reign across the Middle East. Esarhaddon established the empire's borders as far north as the Zagros Mountains (modern day Iran) and as far south as Nubia (modern Sudan) with a span including the Levant (modern day Lebanon to Israel) through Anatolia (Turkey). Throughout the Hebrew Bible, the Assyrians who again and again came into conflict with Israel and Judah were part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (c. 1000–609 B.C.E.). Eventually, the Assyrian Empire became too big to manage in this way. Following his reign, however, the empire erupted in civil war as the king Shamshi Adad V (824-811 BCE) fought with his brother for control. SeventeenthDynasty, (1500–1100 BCE)Kidinuid dynastyIgehalkid dynastyUntash-Napirisha, Twenty-first Dynasty of EgyptSmendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II, Twenty-third Dynasty of EgyptHarsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini nsudboro TEACHER. Beginning with the reign of King Adad Nirari II in 912 BCE, the Assyrian military flexed their might over Mesopotamia and spread the empire to sections of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), the Levant, and Egypt. It is also the era which most decisively gives the Assyrian Empire the reputation it has for ruthlessness and cruelty. Sinsharishkun was killed in the process, and the Fall of Nineveh marked the beginning of the end of the Assyrian Empire. Written by Joshua J. According to Anglim, Tiglath Pileser III “carried out extensive reforms of the army, reasserted central control over the empire, reconquered the Mediterranean seaboard, and even subjugated Babylon. The defeated Aramaeans were executed or deported to regions within the heartland of Assyria and assimilated into the culture. Further, Esarhaddon's mother, Zakutu (c. 701-668 BCE) also issued a decree, known as the Loyalty Treaty of Naqia-Zakutu that compelled the Assyrian court and the subject territories to accept Ashurbanipal as king and support his reign. The protection provided by Assyria seemed to suit the needs of Assyria more than the needs of the vassal states, as Assyria have used a perceived threat toward a vassal state as an excuse to invade nearby settlements, and the vassal states have also been left to fend for themselves. Assyria (/əˈsɪəriə/), also called the Assyrian Empire, was a Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East who lived in the Levant that existed as a state from perhaps as early as the 25th century BC (in the form of the Assur city-state) until its collapse between 612 BC and 609 BC – spanning the periods of …. How did The Assyrian Empire rise and fell Beginning with the reign of Adad Nirari II (912-891 BCE), the empire made great territorial expansions that resulted in its eventual control of a region which spanned the whole of Mesopotamia, part of Anatolia, the Levant, and Egypt. Those who resisted were overthrown and had their rulers replaced with puppet officials loyal to Assyria. These locations show that well into his reign Assyria still controlled a vast empire. In any case, Mushezib-Marduk’s reign did not last for long, as the Assyrian king, Sennacherib, attacked and sacked Babylon in 689 BC. "Neo-Assyrian Empire." Cimmerians and Scythians bore down in areas north and west of the Assyrian heartland, while Medes and Persians entrenched themselves in various parts of the Iranian plateau. Download. Mark, Joshua J. Though a great patron of the arts and culture, Ashurbanipal could be just as ruthless as his predecessors in securing the empire and intimidating his enemies. Assyrian Lion Hunt Reliefby Jan van der Crabben (Photographer) (Copyright). Eunuchs often filled roles as servants to the kings and accompanied him in almost all aspects of ruling, such as administrative duties and rituals. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications: Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Mark, Joshua J. The clay tablets that were discovered beneath the walls of Nineveh and elsewhere revealed to the modern world the myths, legends, and histories of the people of Mesopotamia and, with their discovery, provided a new understanding of world history and culture. Sammu-Ramat, more famously known as Semiramis, was the queen regent of the Assyrian Empire (reigned 811-806 BCE) who held the throne for her young son Adad Nirari III until he reached maturity. Even though Sargon II's rule was contested by nobles who claimed he had seized the throne illegally, he maintained the cohesion of the empire, expanded the borders, improved legislation and administration, and kept the royal treasury filled through his conquests. He issued an official proclamation that claimed that Babylon had been destroyed by the will of the gods owing to the city's wickedness and lack of respect for the divine. Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. The Aramaic language from the 8th century BC was adopted as the Lingua Franca of the Assyrian Empire and continued by the Achaemenid Empire. Sinsharishkun was able to quell the homeland rebellion, but precious time was lost to solve the Babylonian problem, and Nabopolassar was able to consolidate his position. Tiglath-Pileser III besieging a town with siege engines, Assyrian military in Southern Meospotamia. The Assyrians came in to power first, ruling from 900 BC to about 600 BC and with the help of Cyrus the Great, the Persians rose to power around 550BC. The lowest rank in the provincial government were the village managers who mostly supervised local farming efforts and projects. The empire began to disintegrate rapidly after a series of bitter civil wars broke out involving a number of claimants to the throne. Esarhaddon’s principle accomplishment was the conquest of Egypt, begun by him in 675 BC, but completed by his son Ashurbanipal (r.668-627 BC). However, the Babylonian king Nabopolassar (625–605 B.C.) A relief army was sent back from the Babylonian campaign but changed sides, thereby allowing the usurper to reach the capital, Nineveh, without interference, and claim the throne. The empire grew weaker, however, … But for women it poses an insurmountable difficulty. Babylonian king with a mace, who stands on a rectangular chequer-board dais, follows the suppliant goddess (with necklace counterweight), and the robed king with an animal offering. Shutterstock. With your help we create free content that helps millions of people learn history all around the world. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2021) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Ashur-etil-ilani succeeded Ashurbanipal, but his reign was short and he was succeeded in 627 BC by his brother Sinsharishkun. His Babylonian vassal state had taken advantage of the upheavals in Assyria and rebelled under the previously unknown Nabopolassar, a member of the Chaldean tribe, in 625 BC. Sargon II (reign ca. World History Encyclopedia. Akkadian survived the fall of Assyria; the last recorded writings in Akkadian cuneiform date from the 1st century AD, and writings in Akkadian (but in the Aramaic/Syriac script) date as late as the 3rd century AD. 3. Kalhu was built through slave labor also brought back from these campaigns, which had been successful in subjugating a significant amount of territory. They stand before the ascending Sun god who holds a saw-toothed … The terms for vassalage were that the vassal state was to pay Assyria tribute in the form of goods, labor, and soldiers in exchange for military protection. In 609 BC, at the Battle of Megiddo, an Egyptian force defeated a Judean force under king Josiah and managed to reach the last remnants of the Assyrian army. While not the first king to collect books, he was the first to make such a collection a priority. Sennacherib's proud account of the palace gardens he created at Nineveh fits that of the Hanging Gardens in several significant details. Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 B.C.E.) World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. (12). The King whose rule was sanctioned by the gods, would be the commander of the entire army of the Empire. In 612 B.C., Nineveh itself was razed by a host of Persians, Babylonians and Medes. [22] The Assyrian heartland had undergone a population explosion during the late 8th and early 7th centuries, largely due to the forced resettlement of conquered peoples into the empire. While these events were unfolding, the Medes had also freed themselves from Assyrian domination and consolidated power in what was to become Persia. From faith in an omnipresent god to belief in a single god is not a long step. Following Tiglath Pileser III's lead, Sargon II was able to bring the empire to its greatest height politically and militarily. Outside of Assyria proper, major cities at various times under Assyrian domination were Babylon, Damascus (Dimashq), Thebes, Memphis, Tyre, Sidon, Ecbatana, Hattusa, Jerusalem, Susa, Persepolis, Carchemish, Sardis, Ur, Uruk, Nippur and Antioch. Shalmaneser III (859-824 BCE) expanded the empire up through the coast of the Mediterranean and received tribute from the wealthy Phoenician cities of Tyre and Sidon. The Assyrian king Ashur-uballit I reclaimed it in 1365 BC while overthrowing the Mitanni Empire and creating the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BC). This policy was used to create a uniform population, although it produced some hotbeds of dissent. The majority of the displaced peoples were settled in the urban heart of the empire bringing with them what would become the common language: Aramaic, the first unifying factor. Leick, for example, writes “In the time between 745 and 705 BC, the Assyrian Empire took shape. In the 14th century BC, the millenniumold state of Assyria, once the powerhouse in Mesopotamia, broke the dominion of the neighbouring Mitanni kingdom and launched campaigns of conquest. Assyria survived as an entity, a subject province. Further, the vastness of the Assyrian domain made it difficult to defend the borders. While males can delude themselves and each other that they are outside, above, and superior to nature, women cannot so distance themselves, for their physiology makes them clearly and obviously part of the natural world…It is no accident that even today those religions that put most emphasis on God's utter transcendence and the impossibility even to imagine His reality should relegate women to a lower rung of existence, their participation in public religious worship only grudgingly permitted, if at all. was a HUGELY successful military leader. The Assyrians were remembered, however, because of the records of the Greek and Roman writers and also due to their mention in the Bible.

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